Lifestyle

Signs of Skin Cancer: What You Need to Watch For

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide, with an estimated one in five Americans developing it at some point in their lives, according to the American Academy of Dermatology Association. While skin cancer can be alarming, early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Recognizing the signs of skin cancer early on can make a critical difference in treatment outcomes.

What Causes Skin Cancer?

The leading cause of skin cancer is prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. The skin, being the largest organ of the body, absorbs a significant amount of UV rays, leading to damage over time. Dr. Alice Zhou, an assistant professor of oncology at Washington University in St. Louis, explains that while individuals with lighter skin tones are at higher risk, people with darker skin tones are not immune.

Several other factors contribute to the development of skin cancer, including:

A family history of skin cancer
Frequent use of tanning beds
Chronic inflammation of the skin
A weakened immune system
Exposure to certain viruses, which can cause rare skin cancers like Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma

Understanding the Different Types of Skin Cancer

There are three primary types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. Each type has distinct characteristics and symptoms.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of cases in the U.S. It often appears as a skin-colored or pearly bump with a shiny surface. It may also present as a small pink patch that bleeds easily. BCC usually develops in areas with high sun exposure, such as the face, neck, and arms. While BCC is not considered aggressive, early detection and treatment are still crucial to prevent potential complications.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

SCC is the second most common type of skin cancer and often manifests as a firm, red bump with a crusty center. It can resemble a non-healing wound, burn scar, or ulcerated sore. According to Dr. Elizabeth Berry, an associate professor of dermatology at Oregon Health and Science University, SCC may have a scaly texture with rough, irregular edges. Unlike BCC, SCC has a higher likelihood of spreading if left untreated.

Melanoma

Though melanoma accounts for only 1% of all skin cancer cases, it is the deadliest form. Melanoma can spread to other parts of the body, making it more dangerous than other types of skin cancer. It often appears as a new or changing mole with unusual features. Some cases of melanoma can present as dark streaks under the nails or in mucosal areas like the mouth or eyes.

Recognizing the Early Signs of Skin Cancer

Early detection plays a vital role in the successful treatment of skin cancer. Dermatologists recommend using the ABCDE rule to identify potential melanoma and other suspicious skin changes.

Asymmetry: One half of the mole or spot does not match the other half.
Border: The edges are irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined.
Color: The mole or lesion has multiple colors, including black, brown, tan, white, red, or blue.
Diameter: The spot is larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser), though melanomas can be smaller.
Evolution: Any changes in size, shape, color, or texture over time should be monitored. Additionally, if a mole starts to itch, bleed, or cause pain, it warrants a visit to a dermatologist.

Can Skin Cancer Develop in Areas Not Exposed to the Sun?

While sun exposure is a major contributor to skin cancer, it can also develop in areas that rarely receive sunlight. Acral melanoma is a type of melanoma that commonly appears on the palms, soles of the feet, and under the nails. This type is more frequently seen in individuals with darker skin tones. Additionally, melanoma can develop in mucosal regions, including the mouth, eyes, and genital areas.

Prevention: How to Reduce Your Risk of Skin Cancer

Preventing skin cancer starts with proactive skincare and sun protection habits. Here are some expert recommendations:

1. Apply Sunscreen Daily

Using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 is essential for protecting your skin from harmful UV rays. Sunscreen should be applied to all exposed areas and reapplied every two hours, especially after swimming or sweating. Even in winter months, daily sunscreen application is recommended.

2. Avoid Tanning Beds

Artificial UV exposure from tanning beds significantly increases the risk of skin cancer. It is best to avoid tanning beds altogether and opt for safer alternatives like self-tanning products.

3. Wear Protective Clothing

Wearing long sleeves, wide-brimmed hats, and UV-blocking sunglasses can help shield your skin from excessive sun exposure. Consider clothing with built-in UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) for added protection.

4. Seek Shade During Peak Hours

The sun’s rays are strongest between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. If possible, limit direct sun exposure during these hours or seek shade under umbrellas, trees, or awnings.

5. Perform Regular Skin Checks

Conducting monthly self-examinations can help detect any new or changing skin growths. Look for unusual spots, sores that do not heal, or moles that change over time. If you notice anything concerning, schedule an appointment with a dermatologist promptly.

When to See a Dermatologist

If you observe any signs of skin cancer, do not delay seeking professional evaluation. Dermatologists can conduct thorough skin examinations and perform biopsies if necessary. Early diagnosis leads to better treatment outcomes and reduces the risk of complications.